<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="zh-CN" data-theme="light"><head><script>(()=>{const e=navigator.serviceWorker;e?e.register("/sw.js").then((async e=>{console.log("SWPP 注册成功");try{await e.periodicSync.register("update",{minInterval:864e5})}catch(e){console.log("Periodic Sync 注册失败",e)}})).catch((e=>console.error("SWPP 注册失败",e))):console.warn("当前浏览器不支持 SW")})()</script><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,viewport-fit=cover"><title>计算机网络复习：物理层 | LiuShen's Blog</title><meta name="author" content="LiuShen"><meta name="copyright" content="LiuShen"><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"><meta name="robots" content="index, follow"><meta name="description" content="在计算机网络的世界里，物理层是整个网络架构的基石。它负责传输数据的物理媒介和传输方式，是数据传输过程中最基础且不可或缺的一部分。物理层的理解和掌握，对于任何网络工程师或计算机科学专业的学生来说，都是至关重要的。"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="og:title" 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viewBox="0 24 150 28" preserveAspectRatio="none" shape-rendering="auto"><defs><path id="gentle-wave" d="M-160 44c30 0 58-18 88-18s58 18 88 18 58-18 88-18 58 18 88 18v44h-352Z"></path></defs><g class="parallax"><use href="#gentle-wave" x="48" y="0"></use><use href="#gentle-wave" x="48" y="3"></use><use href="#gentle-wave" x="48" y="5"></use><use href="#gentle-wave" x="48" y="7"></use></g></svg></section></header><main class="layout" id="content-inner"><div id="post"><article class="post-content" id="article-container"><div class="ai-summary"><div class="ai-head"><div class="ai-head-left"><div class="ai-circle ai-circle-1"></div><div class="ai-circle ai-circle-2"></div><div class="ai-circle ai-circle-3"></div></div><div class="ai-head-right"><a class="ai-about-ai" href="/posts/40702a0d/">关于AI</a></div></div><div class="ai-explanation" style="display:block" data-summary="这里是清羽AI，这篇文章主要介绍了计算机网络中物理层的基本概念和数据通信基础知识。物理层负责连接电脑的实体层，规定了网络的电气特性，主要任务是传送0和1的电信号。它定义了与传输媒体接口有关的一些特性和标准，包括机械特性、电气特性、功能性和过程持续性。数据通信模型包括源系统、传输系统和目的系统，数据通信的基本概念涉及消息、数据、信号、模拟信号和数字信号等。基带信号和带通调制是数据传输中的重要技术，信道的基本概念包括单向通信、双向交替通信和双向同时通信，以及信道极限容量和常用术语。奈氏准则和香农定理是数字通信领域的基石，描述了在不同条件下信道传输数据的极限速率。编码和调制是将数据转化为数字信号或模拟信号的过程，常见的编码方式包括不归零制、归零制、曼彻斯特编码和差分曼彻斯特编码，调制方法包括调幅、调频和调相。信道复用技术允许多个用户共享同一个通信信道，包括频分复用、时分复用、波分复用、码分复用和统计时分复用。数据交换方式涉及数据在网络中传输的方法，主要有电路交换、报文交换和分组交换三种方式。物理层传输介质分为导引型传输媒体和非导引型传输媒体，包括双绞线、同轴电缆、光纤、无线电波、微波、">清羽AI正在绞尽脑汁想思路ING···</div><div class="ai-title"><div class="ai-title-left"><i class="fa-brands fa-slack"></i><div class="ai-title-text">清羽のAI摘要</div></div><div class="ai-tag" id="ai-tag">GLM-4-Flash</div></div></div><h2 id="碎碎念"><a href="#碎碎念" class="headerlink" title="碎碎念"></a>碎碎念</h2><p>下面几个章节的内容可能会比较枯燥乏味，如果不是为了学习相关知识的友友们可以忽略该篇文章QAQ，因为我也觉得乏味呜呜呜呜，但是我必须得复习，要不然挂科哩……</p><h2 id="物理层基本概念"><a href="#物理层基本概念" class="headerlink" title="物理层基本概念"></a>物理层基本概念</h2><p>物理层是计算机网络中负责连接电脑的实体层，它规定了网络的电气特性，主要任务是传送0和1的电信号。物理层解决如何在连接各种计算机的传输媒体上传输数据比特流，而不涉及具体的传输媒体。它定义了与传输媒体接口有关的一些特性和标准，包括机械特性、电气特性、功能性和过程持续性。</p><ol><li><p>机械特性：定义物理连接的特性，规定物理连接时所采用的规格、接口形状、引线数目、引脚数量和排列情况。</p></li><li><p>电气特性：规定传输二进制位时线路上的信号特性，包括信号的电压范围、阻抗匹配、传输速率和距离限制等。</p></li><li><p>功能特性： 指明某条线上出现的某一电平表示何种意义，接口部件的信号线的用途。</p><ul><li>举例：+10V ~ +15V表示二进制0，-10V ~ -15V表示二进制1。描述一个物理层接口引脚处的含义。</li></ul></li><li><p>规程特性（过程特性）：定义各条物理线路的工作规程和时序关系，规定了电线长度限制在15米以内，以保证高电平状态下的含义时效性。</p></li></ol><h2 id="数据通信基础知识"><a href="#数据通信基础知识" class="headerlink" title="数据通信基础知识"></a>数据通信基础知识</h2><h3 id="数据通信模型"><a href="#数据通信模型" class="headerlink" title="数据通信模型"></a>数据通信模型</h3><ul><li><strong>三大部分</strong>：源系统（发送端）、传输系统（传输网络）、目的系统（接收端）。</li><li><strong>数字比特流</strong>：由源系统生成，通过传输系统发送，最终被目的系统接收。</li><li><strong>传输媒介</strong>：如公用电话网、调制解调器等，负责信号的传输。</li></ul><p><img src="" data-lazy-src="https://p.liiiu.cn/i/2024/05/26/66535b6d97942.png" alt="举个栗子"></p><h3 id="基带信号"><a href="#基带信号" class="headerlink" title="基带信号"></a>基带信号</h3><ul><li><strong>定义</strong>：（即基本频带信号）来自信源的信号，未经过调制，包含有较多的低频成分，甚至有直流成分。</li><li><strong>基带调制</strong>：对基带信号的波形进行变换，把数字信号转换为另一种形式的数字信号，此过程称为编码 (coding)。</li><li><strong>带通调制</strong>：使用载波 (carrier) 进行调制，将基带信号的频率范围搬移到较高的频段，并转换为模拟信号。经过载波调制后的信号称为带通信号，即仅在一段频率范围内能够通过信道的信号。</li></ul><h3 id="信道基本概念"><a href="#信道基本概念" class="headerlink" title="信道基本概念"></a>信道基本概念</h3><ul><li><strong>信道</strong>：一般用来表示向某一个方向传送信息的媒体。</li><li><strong>单向通信（单工通信）</strong>：只能有一个方向的通信，没有反方向的交互。</li><li><strong>双向交替通信（半双工通信）</strong>：通信的双方都可以发送信息，但双方不能同时发送（当然也就不能同时接收）。</li><li><strong>双向同时通信（全双工通信）</strong>：通信的双方可以同时发送和接收信息。</li></ul><h3 id="信道极限容量"><a href="#信道极限容量" class="headerlink" title="信道极限容量"></a>信道极限容量</h3><p>任何实际的信道都不是理想的，都不可能以任意高的速率进行传送。码元传输的速率越高，或信号传输的距离越远，或噪声干扰越大，或传输媒体质量越差，在接收端的波形的失真就越严重。</p><ul><li><p><strong>两个因素</strong>：信道能通过的频率范围，信噪比</p><p><img src="" data-lazy-src="https://p.liiiu.cn/i/2024/05/26/6653431dc72ea.png"></p></li><li><p><strong>码间串扰</strong>：接收端收到的信号波形失去了码元之间的清晰界限。</p></li></ul><h3 id="常用术语"><a href="#常用术语" class="headerlink" title="常用术语"></a>常用术语</h3><ul><li><strong>消息（Message）</strong>：如话音、文字、图像、视频等。</li><li><strong>数据（Data）</strong>：运送消息的实体，有意义的符号序列。</li><li><strong>信号（Signal）</strong>：数据的电气的或电磁的表现。</li><li><strong>模拟信号（Analog Signal）</strong>：代表消息的参数的取值是连续的。</li><li><strong>数字信号（Digital Signal）</strong>：代表消息的参数的取值是离散的。</li><li><strong>码元</strong>：在使用时间域（简称为时域）的波形表示数字信号时，代表不同离散数值的基本波形，比如二进制编码是，只有两种不同的码元，0和1.</li></ul><p><img src="" data-lazy-src="https://p.liiiu.cn/i/2024/05/26/66534067a1f86.png" alt="模拟信号，数字信号和码元"></p><h2 id="奈氏准则和香农定理"><a href="#奈氏准则和香农定理" class="headerlink" title="奈氏准则和香农定理"></a>奈氏准则和香农定理</h2><p>这两个定理是数字通信领域的基石，它们描述了在不同条件下信道传输数据的极限速率。</p><h3 id="奈氏准则（奈奎斯特）"><a href="#奈氏准则（奈奎斯特）" class="headerlink" title="奈氏准则（奈奎斯特）"></a>奈氏准则（奈奎斯特）</h3><p><strong>概念</strong>：<br>奈氏准则是由哈里·奈奎斯特提出的，它定义了在无噪声的通信信道中，为了避免码间干扰（ISI），信道能够达到的最高数据传输速率。码间干扰是指一个信号的波形扩展到相邻信号的时间间隔，导致信号间的界限模糊。</p><p><strong>公式</strong>：</p><p><img src="" data-lazy-src="https://p.liiiu.cn/i/2024/05/27/665361678ec68.png" alt="奈氏准则"></p><p>其中：</p><ul><li><strong>W</strong> 是信道的带宽，单位是赫兹（Hz）。</li><li><strong>Baud</strong> 是码元传输速率的单位，表示每秒传输的码元数量。</li></ul><p><strong>意义</strong>：<br>奈氏准则说明了在给定的带宽下，信道能够传输的码元的最大速率。如果传输速率超过这个极限，信号之间会产生严重的干扰，导致接收端无法正确识别码元。</p><h3 id="香农定理"><a href="#香农定理" class="headerlink" title="香农定理"></a>香农定理</h3><p><strong>概念</strong>：<br>香农定理是由克劳德·香农提出的，它考虑了实际通信中存在的噪声，定义了在有噪声信道中传输数据的最高速率，同时保证一定的误码率。</p><p><strong>公式</strong>：</p><p><img src="" data-lazy-src="https://p.liiiu.cn/i/2024/05/27/665360ca07387.png" alt="公式，katex渲染暂时没搞懂"></p><p>其中：</p><ul><li><strong>W</strong> 是信道的带宽，单位是赫兹（Hz）。</li><li><strong>S</strong> 是信号的平均功率。</li><li><strong>N</strong> 是噪声的平均功率。</li><li><strong>b/s</strong> 是比特每秒，表示信息传输速率。</li></ul><p><strong>信噪比（SNR）</strong>：<br>信噪比是信号功率与噪声功率的比值，用分贝（dB）表示时为：</p><p><img src="" data-lazy-src="https://p.liiiu.cn/i/2024/05/27/6653611613584.png" alt="信噪比"></p><p><strong>意义</strong>：<br>香农定理指出，在有限带宽和有噪声的信道上，存在一个理论上的最大传输速率，超过这个速率就无法保证数据传输的可靠性。这个速率取决于带宽和信噪比。香农定理为设计高效可靠的通信系统提供了理论基础。</p><p>奈氏准则和香农定理都表明，信道的带宽是限制数据传输速率的关键因素。奈氏准则适用于理想情况，而香农定理适用于实际有噪声的情况。在设计通信系统时，工程师需要考虑这些限制，并采用适当的编码和调制技术来接近这些理论极限，同时确保数据传输的可靠性。</p><h2 id="编码和调制"><a href="#编码和调制" class="headerlink" title="编码和调制"></a>编码和调制</h2><p>编码是将数据转化为数字信号的过程。数字数据通过数字发送器转化为数字信号，模拟数据通过PCM编码器转化为数字信号。常见的编码方式包括单极性不归零编码、双极性不归零编码、单极性归零编码、双极性归零编码、曼彻斯特编码和差分曼彻斯特编码。</p><h3 id="编码方式"><a href="#编码方式" class="headerlink" title="编码方式"></a>编码方式</h3><ul><li><strong>不归零制</strong>：正电平代表 1，负电平代表 0。</li><li><strong>归零制</strong>：正脉冲代表 1，负脉冲代表 0。</li><li><strong>曼彻斯特编码</strong>：位周期中心的向上跳变代表 0，位周期中心的向下跳变代表 1。</li><li><strong>差分曼彻斯特编码</strong>：在每一位的中心处始终都有跳变。位开始边界有跳变代表 0，而位开始边界没有跳变代表 1。</li></ul><p><img src="" data-lazy-src="https://p.liiiu.cn/i/2024/05/26/665342051e4c4.png" alt="编码方式"></p><p>调制是将数据转化为模拟信号的过程。调制方法包括调幅（AM）、调频（FM）、调相（PM）。模拟数据通过调制器转化为模拟信号，数字数据也可以通过调制器转化为模拟信号。</p><h3 id="调制方法"><a href="#调制方法" class="headerlink" title="调制方法"></a>调制方法</h3><p>基带信号往往包含有较多的低频成分，甚至有直流成分，而许多信道并不能传输这种低频分量或直流分量必须对基带信号进行调制。</p><ul><li><strong>调幅（AM）</strong>：载波的振幅随基带数字信号而变化。</li><li><strong>调频（FM）</strong>：载波的频率随基带数字信号而变化。</li><li><strong>调相（PM）</strong>：载波的初始相位随基带数字信号而变化。</li></ul><p><img src="" data-lazy-src="https://p.liiiu.cn/i/2024/05/26/66534188192f1.png" alt="调制"></p><h2 id="信道复用技术"><a href="#信道复用技术" class="headerlink" title="信道复用技术"></a>信道复用技术</h2><p>信道复用技术允许多个用户共享同一个通信信道，从而提高信道的传输效率和利用率。以下是PPT中提到的几种主要信道复用技术：</p><h3 id="频分复用-FDM"><a href="#频分复用-FDM" class="headerlink" title="频分复用 (FDM)"></a>频分复用 (FDM)</h3><ul><li><strong>概念</strong>：将整个信道的带宽划分为多个子频带，每个子频带分配给一个用户或通信链路。</li><li><strong>特点</strong>：所有用户在同样的时间占用不同的带宽资源。</li><li><strong>应用</strong>：传统的模拟通信系统，如电话网络。</li></ul><h3 id="时分复用-TDM"><a href="#时分复用-TDM" class="headerlink" title="时分复用 (TDM)"></a>时分复用 (TDM)</h3><ul><li><strong>概念</strong>：将时间划分为一段段等长的时分复用帧（TDM帧），每个用户在每个TDM帧中占用固定序号的时隙。</li><li><strong>特点</strong>：每个用户所占用的时隙是周期性出现的，所有用户在不同时间占用同样的频带宽度，时分复用可能会导致信道利用率不高，因为如果用户暂无数据，可能会导致该时隙处于空闲状态。</li><li><strong>应用</strong>：数字通信系统，如电话交换和某些类型的网络。</li></ul><p><img src="" data-lazy-src="https://p.liiiu.cn/i/2024/05/26/6653492a1d615.png" alt="时分复用"></p><h3 id="波分复用-WDM"><a href="#波分复用-WDM" class="headerlink" title="波分复用 (WDM)"></a>波分复用 (WDM)</h3><ul><li><strong>概念</strong>：在光通信中，使用一根光纤来同时传输多个不同波长的光信号。</li><li><strong>特点</strong>：每个波长的信号可以看作是使用了一个独立的“虚拟”光纤。</li><li><strong>应用</strong>：现代光纤通信网络，大幅提升光纤的传输容量。</li></ul><p><img src="" data-lazy-src="https://p.liiiu.cn/i/2024/05/26/665349e331492.png" alt="波分复用"></p><ul><li>复用器：将多个输入信号合并成一个单一的输出信号，以便在单一的传输媒介（如电缆、光纤等）上进行传输。这是通过按顺序分配每个输入信号到输出信号的不同时间段或频率槽来实现的。</li><li>分用器：将接收到的复合信号分解回多个原始的独立信号。这样，每个用户或设备可以接收到属于自己的那一部分信号。</li></ul><h3 id="码分复用-CDMA"><a href="#码分复用-CDMA" class="headerlink" title="码分复用 (CDMA)"></a>码分复用 (CDMA)</h3><ul><li><strong>概念</strong>：每个用户可以在同样的时间使用同样的频带进行通信，但使用不同的码型，因此不会造成干扰。</li><li><strong>特点</strong>：用户数据通过唯一的码片序列进行编码，接收端通过匹配的码片序列进行解码。</li><li><strong>应用</strong>：蜂窝移动通信网络，如3G和4G。</li></ul><h3 id="统计时分复用-STDM"><a href="#统计时分复用-STDM" class="headerlink" title="统计时分复用 (STDM)"></a>统计时分复用 (STDM)</h3><ul><li><strong>概念</strong>：时分复用帧不是固定分配时隙，而是按需动态地分配时隙，适应不同用户的实际通信需求。</li><li><strong>特点</strong>：可以提高线路的利用率，尤其在用户通信需求不均匀时更为有效。</li><li><strong>应用</strong>：数据网络和某些类型的语音网络，可以更灵活地分配带宽。</li></ul><p><img src="" data-lazy-src="https://p.liiiu.cn/i/2024/05/26/6653490d3ef3d.png" alt="统计时分复用"></p><p>这些复用技术各有优势和适用场景，选择合适的复用技术取决于通信系统的具体需求和特性。例如，FDM适用于频带较宽且用户数较少的场景，而TDM和STDM适用于用户数较多且通信需求相对均衡的场景。WDM和CDMA则分别适用于光通信和移动通信等现代通信系统。</p><h2 id="数据交换方式"><a href="#数据交换方式" class="headerlink" title="数据交换方式"></a>数据交换方式</h2><p>数据交换方式涉及数据在网络中传输的方法，主要有电路交换、报文交换和分组交换三种方式。</p><h3 id="电路交换"><a href="#电路交换" class="headerlink" title="电路交换"></a>电路交换</h3><ul><li><strong>连接建立</strong>：在数据传输前，建立一条专用的物理通信路径，经过多个中间结点。</li><li><strong>数据传输</strong>：数据沿着建立的路径直达终点，通信双方独占这条路径。</li><li><strong>连接释放</strong>：通信结束后释放路径。</li><li><strong>优点</strong>：<ul><li>通信时延小。</li><li>有序传输，无失序问题。</li><li>没有冲突，独占信道。</li><li>适用广泛，适用于模拟和数字信号。</li><li>实时性强。</li><li>控制简单。</li></ul></li><li><strong>缺点</strong>：<ul><li>建立连接时间长。</li><li>线路独占，使用效率低。</li><li>灵活性差，故障后需重新建立连接。</li><li>难以规格化，不同终端难以通信。</li></ul></li></ul><h3 id="报文交换"><a href="#报文交换" class="headerlink" title="报文交换"></a>报文交换</h3><ul><li><strong>携带报文</strong>：报文携带目的地址，源地址等信息。</li></ul><ul><li><strong>存储转发</strong>：报文到达交换结点后存储，然后转发到下一个结点。</li><li><strong>优点</strong>：<ul><li>用户可以随时发送报文。</li><li>连接时延，提高了传输可靠性。</li><li>部分占有物理通道，提高通信线路利用率。</li></ul></li><li><strong>缺点</strong>：<ul><li>转发时延，包括接收、检验、排队、发送时间。</li><li>需要较大的缓存空间。</li></ul></li><li><strong>应用</strong>：主要使用在早期电报通信网中，现在较少使用。</li></ul><h3 id="分组交换"><a href="#分组交换" class="headerlink" title="分组交换"></a>分组交换</h3><ul><li><strong>分块转发</strong>：每一块携带源地址，目的地址，编号信息等，构成分组。</li></ul><ul><li><strong>存储转发</strong>：将数据分割成小的数据块（分组），存储并转发。</li><li><strong>优点</strong>：<ul><li>无建立时延，用户随时发送分组。</li><li>通信线路利用率高，非固定占有。</li><li>简化存储管理，缓冲区大小固定。</li><li>加速传输，流水线方式减少传输时间。</li><li>减少出错概率和重发数据量。</li></ul></li><li><strong>缺点</strong>：<ul><li>转发时延。</li><li>结点交换机需要更强的处理能力。</li></ul></li></ul><h3 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h3><ul><li><strong>电路交换</strong>适合大量数据传输，端到端通信。</li><li><strong>报文交换</strong>和<strong>分组交换</strong>提高了网络的信道利用率，尤其<strong>分组交换</strong>适合计算机之间的突发式数据通信。</li></ul><h2 id="物理层传输介质"><a href="#物理层传输介质" class="headerlink" title="物理层传输介质"></a>物理层传输介质</h2><p>传输介质是数据传输系统中在发送器和接收器之间的物理通路，分为两大类：导引型传输媒体和非导引型传输媒体。</p><h3 id="导引型"><a href="#导引型" class="headerlink" title="导引型"></a>导引型</h3><p>导引型传输媒体指电磁波沿固体媒介（如铜线或光纤）被导向传播的媒体。</p><ol><li><p><strong>双绞线</strong></p><ul><li>最古老但又最常用的传输媒体。</li><li>由两根互相绝缘的铜导线并排放在一起，然后用规则的方法绞合起来构成。</li><li>绞合度越高，可用的数据传输率越高。</li><li>分为两大类：<ul><li>无屏蔽双绞线（UTP）: 无屏蔽层，价格较便宜。</li><li>屏蔽双绞线（STP）: 带屏蔽层，必须有接地线。</li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>同轴电缆</strong></p><ul><li>由内导体铜质芯线、绝缘层、网状编织的外导体屏蔽层及保护塑料外层组成。</li><li>具有很好的抗干扰特性，被广泛用于传输较高速率的数据。</li><li>分为基带同轴电缆和宽带同轴电缆。</li></ul></li><li><p><strong>光纤</strong></p><ul><li>光纤通信通过传递光脉冲来进行通信，具有非常大的传输带宽。</li><li>发送端需要有光源，如发光二极管或半导体激光器。</li><li>接收端需要有光检测器，如光电二极管。</li><li>光纤由非常透明的石英玻璃拉成细丝，主要由纤芯和包层构成。</li><li>分为单模光纤和多模光纤：<ul><li>单模光纤：直径小，适合远距离传输，制造成本高。</li><li>多模光纤：可存在多条不同角度入射的光线，适合近距离传输。</li></ul></li></ul></li></ol><h3 id="非导引型"><a href="#非导引型" class="headerlink" title="非导引型"></a>非导引型</h3><p>非导引型传输媒体指自由空间，电磁波的传输常称为无线传输。</p><ul><li><strong>无线电波</strong>：具有强穿透能力，可传远距离，广泛应用于通信领域（如手机通信），在空间中主要是直线。</li><li><strong>微波</strong>：通信频率较高，传输数据率很高，但传输时延长，受气候影响大。</li><li><strong>红外线和激光</strong>：将信号转换为各自的信号格式，在空间中传播，具有固定方向。</li></ul><h2 id="物理层设备"><a href="#物理层设备" class="headerlink" title="物理层设备"></a>物理层设备</h2><p>物理层设备主要包括中继器和集线器，它们在网络中扮演着至关重要的角色，特别是在信号传输和网络扩展方面。</p><h3 id="中继器"><a href="#中继器" class="headerlink" title="中继器"></a>中继器</h3><ul><li><strong>诞生原因</strong>：在线路上传输的信号会因损耗而逐渐衰减，当衰减到一定程度时，信号失真会导致接收错误。中继器因此被设计出来，用以延长信号的有效传输距离。</li><li><strong>功能</strong>：中继器对信号进行再生和还原，对衰减的信号进行放大，保持与原数据相同。</li><li><strong>应用</strong>：适用于完全相同的两类网络的互连，且两个网段速率要相同。</li><li><strong>操作</strong>：中继器只将任何电缆段上的数据发送到另一段电缆上，它仅作用于信号的电气部分，并不管数据中是否有错误数据或不适于网段的数据。</li><li><strong>媒体兼容性</strong>：两端可连相同媒体，也可连不同媒体。</li><li><strong>协议一致性</strong>：中继器两端的网段一定要是同一个协议。中继器不会存储转发，仅进行信号再生。</li><li><strong>5-4-3规则</strong>：网络标准中对信号的延迟范围作了具体的规定，中继器只能在规定的范围内进行信号再生，否则可能导致网络故障。</li></ul><h3 id="集线器"><a href="#集线器" class="headerlink" title="集线器"></a>集线器</h3><ul><li><strong>功能</strong>：集线器是一个多口中继器，对信号进行再生放大转发。它对衰减的信号进行放大，然后转发到其他所有（除输入端口外）处于工作状态的端口上。</li><li><strong>作用</strong>：集线器用于增加信号传输的距离，延长网络的长度。它不具备信号的定向传送能力，是一个共享式设备。</li><li><strong>拓扑结构</strong>：集线器通常用于星形拓扑网络中。</li><li><strong>冲突域</strong>：集线器不能分割冲突域，这意味着连接在集线器上的所有设备共享同一个冲突域，可能会引起数据传输冲突。</li><li><strong>带宽共享</strong>：连接在集线器上的工作主机平分带宽，如果一个端口正在发送数据，其他端口需等待，这可能限制了网络的性能。</li></ul><h3 id="总结-1"><a href="#总结-1" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h3><p>中继器和集线器是物理层的重要设备，它们通过再生和放大信号来扩展网络的覆盖范围。然而，由于它们在处理信号时不涉及存储转发，并且集线器不能分割冲突域，这限制了它们的性能和应用场景。随着网络技术的发展，这些设备逐渐被更先进的设备所取代，如交换机，后者提供了更高效的数据传输和更复杂的网络管理功能。</p><h2 id="本章小结"><a href="#本章小结" class="headerlink" title="本章小结"></a>本章小结</h2><p>无，哈哈哈哈哈</p><h2 id="放松一下"><a href="#放松一下" class="headerlink" title="放松一下"></a>放松一下</h2><p><img src="" data-lazy-src="https://p.liiiu.cn/i/2024/05/27/665362177d17c.png" alt="喵啊！"></p></article><div class="post-copyright"><div class="post-copyright__title"><span 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toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%B1%82%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5"><span class="toc-text">物理层基本概念</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86"><span class="toc-text">数据通信基础知识</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-text">数据通信模型</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%9F%BA%E5%B8%A6%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7"><span class="toc-text">基带信号</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BF%A1%E9%81%93%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5"><span class="toc-text">信道基本概念</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BF%A1%E9%81%93%E6%9E%81%E9%99%90%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F"><span class="toc-text">信道极限容量</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%A8%E6%9C%AF%E8%AF%AD"><span class="toc-text">常用术语</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%A5%88%E6%B0%8F%E5%87%86%E5%88%99%E5%92%8C%E9%A6%99%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86"><span class="toc-text">奈氏准则和香农定理</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%A5%88%E6%B0%8F%E5%87%86%E5%88%99%EF%BC%88%E5%A5%88%E5%A5%8E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%EF%BC%89"><span class="toc-text">奈氏准则（奈奎斯特）</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E9%A6%99%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86"><span class="toc-text">香农定理</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BC%96%E7%A0%81%E5%92%8C%E8%B0%83%E5%88%B6"><span class="toc-text">编码和调制</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BC%96%E7%A0%81%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F"><span class="toc-text">编码方式</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%B0%83%E5%88%B6%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95"><span class="toc-text">调制方法</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BF%A1%E9%81%93%E5%A4%8D%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF"><span class="toc-text">信道复用技术</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E9%A2%91%E5%88%86%E5%A4%8D%E7%94%A8-FDM"><span class="toc-text">频分复用 (FDM)</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%97%B6%E5%88%86%E5%A4%8D%E7%94%A8-TDM"><span class="toc-text">时分复用 (TDM)</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%86%E5%A4%8D%E7%94%A8-WDM"><span class="toc-text">波分复用 (WDM)</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%A0%81%E5%88%86%E5%A4%8D%E7%94%A8-CDMA"><span class="toc-text">码分复用 (CDMA)</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E6%97%B6%E5%88%86%E5%A4%8D%E7%94%A8-STDM"><span class="toc-text">统计时分复用 (STDM)</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F"><span class="toc-text">数据交换方式</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2"><span class="toc-text">电路交换</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%8A%A5%E6%96%87%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2"><span class="toc-text">报文交换</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%88%86%E7%BB%84%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2"><span class="toc-text">分组交换</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%93"><span class="toc-text">总结</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%B1%82%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E4%BB%8B%E8%B4%A8"><span class="toc-text">物理层传输介质</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%AF%BC%E5%BC%95%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-text">导引型</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E9%9D%9E%E5%AF%BC%E5%BC%95%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-text">非导引型</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%B1%82%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87"><span class="toc-text">物理层设备</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%B8%AD%E7%BB%A7%E5%99%A8"><span class="toc-text">中继器</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E9%9B%86%E7%BA%BF%E5%99%A8"><span class="toc-text">集线器</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%93-1"><span class="toc-text">总结</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item 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